Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP as an adjunctive to non-surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Materials and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 males, 16 females; mean age 36 ±10.1 years) diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis were included in this randomized, single –blind clinical study. All the sites were divided into 2 groups: test group (n = 469), treated with laser along with SRP and control group (n=481), treated with SRP alone. Data collected at baseline and after 6 weeks and 24 weeks included sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Changes in PD and CAL were analyzed separately for moderate (4-6mm) and deep (≠¥7 mm) pockets. Results: The results obtained in both the groups showed that API and BOP after 6 weeks and 24 weeks was superior to the baseline (PË‚0.0001). At 24 weeks pot-operatively, a significant (PË‚0.0001) improvement was seen in moderate and deep PD and CAL in both the groups. In between the groups, after 24 weeks, test group showed significant gain in CAL in moderate pockets (PË‚0.0001) and decreased PD in deep periodontal pockets. (PË‚0.0017) Conclusion: The present study indicates that, LANAP using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) with SRP as an effective non surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Key words: chronic periodontitis, clinical attachment level, Lasers, non-surgical periodontal therapy, pocket depth. Introduction The primary goal of periodontal therapy is to control periodontal infection by the removal of supragingival and subgingival biofilms and smear layer, which contains bacteria, bacterial endotoxins and contaminated root cementum.1-2 Removal of these pathologic substances ensures biologic compatibility between the diseased periodontal radicular surface and new connective tissue attachment (CTA).3 Traditional approaches like non – surgical and surgical periodontal methods using both hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers have been carried out for several years with great success. Laser therapy has been proposed as an alternative or adjunctive treatment to conventional periodontal therapy.4 Maiman in 1960 developed the first laser prototype and later by Goldman et al (1964), Stern RH and Sognnaes RF ( 1972) reported the effect of laser on dental tissue and on enamel and dentin.5 Myers and Myers (1989) suggested that the Nd:YAG laser could be used for oral soft tissue surgery. Various types of LASERS like CO2, diode lasers (gallium-aluminum-arsenide and indium- gallium-arsenide), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and erbium: Yttrium – aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) with varying wavelengths (635 to10,600 nm) have different levels of tissue penetration depending on reflection, scatter, and absorption.6 Low level laser therapy (LLLT) using diode laser can facili tate collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and growth factor release, which eventually accelerate wound healing.7 Laser-assisted new attachment procedure (LANAP) was introduced by Dr. Robert H. Gregg and Delwin McCarthy in 1989. Initial reports suggest that LANAP is associated with cementum mediated new connective tissue attachment (CTA) and apparent periodontal regeneration of diseased root surfaces in humans.8 When laser irradiation is delivered cautiously, the regenerative potential of laser is high, and, undoubtedly, new fibroblastic activity in the connective tissue promotes new connective tissue attachment.9 The indications for LANAP are the same as for standard periodontal therapy that includes periodontal pocket depth (PD) ≠¥ 4mm, radiographic evidence of bone loss, and positive laboratory test for presence of putative periodontal pathogens. The results of recent research suggest that a Free- Running, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser (PerioLase ® MVP-7 laser, Millennium Dental Technologies) provides a viable alternative to traditional periodontal surgery. Properly applied PerioLase MVP-7 laser has been shown to produce less bleeding, swelling, discomfort and periodontal regeneration.10 The use of lasers in periodontics is rapidly increasing. Despite enormous clinical research and a plethora of scientific literature, controversy exists to date among clinicians regarding the application of lasers in the treatment of periodontal disease. There is limited evidence on the clinical efficacy of LANAP over conventional surgical or non surgical periodontal and periimplant therapies. Consequently, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP therapy using 1064-nm of Nd: YAG laser with SRP versus the effect of SRP alone in the treatment of moderate to deep periodontal pockets. Material and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 male and 16 females) with mean age of 36 ±10.1 and diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis attending to the department of periodontics, sibar institute of dental sciences, Guntur, India, were included in the study. A randomized split mouth method was carried out in all the patients with two quadrants as test group (TG) treated with LANAP along with SRP and other two quadrants as control group (CG) treated with SRP alone. Teeth with PD and CAL ≠¥4mm on at least one from the six surfaces were included into the study. Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria; History of no periodontal treatment in the last 12months, no use of antibiotics within the previous 6 months, no systemic disease that influence the periodontal therapy, no smoking or alcohol and no pregnancy and lactation. Exclusion criteria are teeth with grade III mobility (11) and patients using removable or fixed partial dentures. The study protocol has bee n approved by institutional ethical committee and informed written consent from all the recruited subjects was taken before start of the study. Before the start of the treatment, the data of all enrolled patients including periodontal parameters like plaque index (PI),(12) bleeding on probing, (BOP) (13) pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks post-operatively. Full mouth CAL and PD was measured at all the six surfaces of each tooth using UNC-15 periodontal probe. At each interval all the clinical parameters were recorded and maintained by single examiner (TP), who was unaware of the study design. All the patients received complete supragingival scaling with an ultrasonic device in two appointments at one week interval by the examiner (TP). Oral hygiene instructions were given at every appointment and followed by use of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as directed twice daily for two weeks. Patients were recalled after three weeks and randomization was carried out using slip method with each quadrant is coded with a number, subsequently resulting in two quadrants as test group and other two quadrants as control group. To overcome the selection bias, randomization was performed by independent instructor, who did not participate in the study. LANAP protocol was followed along with SRP for the test quadrants, whereas SRP alone was done for the remaining two quadrants. Under local anesthesia, first application of laser is performed using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) at power setting of 3.0 watt, 150-us pulse duration, and 20Hz (14) into the gingival sulcus by placing the fiber optic delivery system (0.2-0.3mm) parallel to the long axis of the tooth and moved laterally and apically 1 mm less to the clinical measurement value obtained for the pocket depth. All the six surfaces of each tooth were treated with laser. The objective of placing the laser into the sulcus is to remove the diseased epithelium towards the soft tissue wall of the periodontal pocket and also to create a trough with significant hemostasis. Full mouth SRP was performed for each patient in both groups using area specific gracey curettes until the roots were smooth and no visual or tactile evidence of calculus or altered cementum. After thorough SRP, laser fiber-o ptic delivery system is passed through the pocket for the second time at power setting of 4.0 watts, 635-us pulse duration, and 20Hz to achieve a stable fibrin clot and pocket seal.(14) The control teeth received all of the aforementioned treatment except for the laser therapy and suturing was not done. Full mouth SRP in both the groups and laser application in TG was carried out by the single clinician (KK). All the patients were given post operative instructions and medication including 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily with supragingival brushing for two weeks. Antibiotics (amoxicillin 500mg, every 8 hours) and analgesics (ibuprofen 400mg, every 8 hours) were advised for 5 days. Patients were recalled at 1week, 6 week, and 24 week for postoperative follow-up, where the clinical measurements were recorded at 6 weeks and 24 weeks respectively and oral hygiene is reinforced in all the visits. All the subjects completed the study protocol and were followed up to the end of the study. A total of 481 sites in control group and 469 sites in test group were examined. Statistical analysis: Data was expressed as mean values of API, BOP, PD and CAL (4-6mm and >7mm) were evaluated using a software. Comparisons were made within the group and between the groups at 6 weeks and 24 weeks using wilcoxon matched paired t- test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results None of the 38 patients participated in the trial had reported pain or any discomfort. Healing after 24 weeks was satisfactory and uneventful as observed by the investigator and reported by the patients respectively. However, six patients in test group compared to 4 patients in control group experienced dentinal hypersensitivity during first 4 weeks post-operatively, which has subsided. The BOP and API results (mean  ±SD) for LG and CG at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks were presented in table 1. Significant reduction was observed in the mean BOP and API scores from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention (pË‚0.001). The finding held strength in both the groups. However, neither of the groups had shown significant differences in the mean BOP and API scores between 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention. Similar findings were observed on comparison of mean pocket depths with significant differences observed from baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0001) and 24 we eks (PË‚0.0001) as well in both the test and the control groups. However no significant differences were found between the test and control groups both at baseline and post intervention, suggesting accurate randomization and near equivalent impact of both the interventions respectively. (Table 2) The mean CAL score for teeth with CAL≠¥4mm was higher in the TG at baseline and this difference was marginally significant (p=0.0493). However, the differences lost significance after the intervention both at 6 weeks and 24 weeks. A statistically significant gain (PË‚0.0001) of CAL (4-6mm) is noticed in both the groups when compared from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Inter group comparison of CAL (4-6 mm) at 6 weeks showed that a significant gain is achieved in TG at baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0244), baseline to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0005) and 6 weeks to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0016) (Table 3). The mean pocket depth of sites with PD ≠¥7 mm in test group was 8.38  ± 1.18 and in CG it is 8.49  ± 1.05. The difference in the mean values between the groups at baseline was not significant (PË‚0.6791). Both the groups showed overall improvement in 6 weeks and 24 weeks postoperatively, which was statistically significant (PË‚0.0001). However, 24 weeks post intervention comparison revealed significant gain in the TG compared to the CG (p At baseline, there was no significant difference between the mean CAL scores of the two groups for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm. A significant gain in attachment was observed in both the groups from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks (PË‚0.0001). Unlike mean pocket depth for sites with PD≠¥7mm, mean CAL scores for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm were not significantly different between the two groups at 24 weeks post intervention. Table 5 Discussion: Various treatment approaches have been carried out in the treatment of periodontal pockets and laser assisted periodontal therapy is most widely used nowadays. Laser mediated periodontal therapy has shown significant benefits from subgingival soft tissue curettage as well as in subgingival bacterial loads.(15) According to previous studies, adjunctive use of the diode laser along with conventional SRP has shown to have an additive effect in reducing subgingival bacteria in periodontal pockets measuring ≠¥4mm.(16) A study by Talat Qadri et al observed a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (IL-1ÃŽ ² and MMP-8) levels in GCF, sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone. (17) Another study by Aykol G et al observed decreased GCF levels of Matrixmetalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-b1, and basic-fibroblast growth factor suggesting LLLT as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment and improves periodontal healing. (7) According to Slot DE et al 2010, stated that there was no significant difference in all clinical parameters between the sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone, (18) these results are in support to his earlier systematic review.(19) In the present study, Nd:YAG laser with wave length of 1060-nm has been used to evaluate clinical benefit of LANAP as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy for achieving new attachment. The present results indicate that non surgical periodontal therapy using hand instruments or in combination with LANAP procedure shown significant improvements in clinical parameters (BOP, PD, and CAL) for both moderate and deep pockets at 6 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment. Similar results were presented in earlier case reports and case series, showing significant improvement in gingival inflammation during observation period from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. . Histologic evaluation of LANAP in humans for the treatment of periodontal pockets has shown new connective tissue attachment and periodontal regeneration. (14) Nevins ML et al evaluated periodontal regeneration performing LANAP procedure in humans and stated that there was a significant degree of periodontal regeneration with new cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (10). In a prospective study done by Nevins ML et al, evaluated the efficacy of LANAP therapy in eight patients for a period of 9 months and concluded that majority of treated sites showed improvement in all clinical parameters.(20) The results obtained in this study using LANAP therapy have showed a significant improvement in BOP, PI, PD and CAL, similar to the previous studies. (8,10,14,19-20) Sites with PD of 4-6mm has shown significant reduction in both the groups at 24 weeks post operatively, indicating that both the therapies were effective in treating moderate periodontal pockets. However at 24 weeks post-operatively, a significant gain in CAL at 4-6mm in the sites treated with LANAP was observed, suggesting a new cementum and new connective tissue formation (new attachment). This data supports to the earlier study by Yukna RA et al (2007) and Nevins MI (2012), where histological examination of all six LANAP treated teeth showed formation of new CTA. PD with ≠¥7mm sites in both the groups were treated non- surgically with LANAP therapy as an adjunctive in test group. All the patients included in this study had average PD of 4-6mm with few sites ≠¥7mm. Non-surgical periodontal treatment was carried out for all the sites including sites with ≠¥7mm, as they were located in isolated areas. Systematic reviews have proven that in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain in open flap debridement procedures were effective in sites with PD >6mm. (21) In the present study, test group showed significant reduction in PD in sites with ≠¥7mm when compared with control group, but no significant gain in CAL is achieved at 24 week post-operatively. These results were similar to the previous study by Nevins ML et al 2014, where initial sites of ≠¥7mm had at least 2mm of PD reduction in 91% of sites and CAL gain of 2mm in 77% of sites. Greater retraction of periodontal tissues in deep periodontal pockets (≠¥7mm) in test group led to significant reduction in PD with no significant gain in CAL. LANAP appears to be safe procedure that resulted in new CTA formation with no significant side effects beyond dentinal hypersensitivity or gingival recession and no damage to the root surfaces.(22) Even though LANAP therapy has been introduced 15 years ago, very few case reports and case series has been reported till now with substantial clinical and histological evidence. However controversy remains regarding the efficacy of LASERS, mainly LANAP therapy in treating the periodontal disease and periodontal regeneration. This is the first randomized controlled clinical study done to evaluate LANAP as adjunctive to SRP in the treatment of periodontal disease for a period of 24 weeks. LANAP therapy should be further evaluated with long term clinical trials with larger sample size to compare the clinical results with conventional therapy. . Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, the results indicate that LANAP therapy as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy using Nd:YAG Laser offered superior results when compared with SRP alone. Present study focussed mainly in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets and achieved significant results in all the clinical parameters observed. Deeper pockets also showed promising results with LANAP therapy, suggesting that further studies are necessary to adequately test the potential benefits following the LANAP protocol in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Essay on A Literary Report on “The Nightingale and The Rose” By Oscar Wilde

‘Nineteenth Century Short Stories' is a collection of tales from the nineteen hundreds. This essay will concentrate on just one of these stories. It will include a thorough analysis of the story including my views and opinions towards the language, imagery and setting that the author uses. The story I have chosen to analyse is ‘The Nightingale and the Rose', by Oscar Wilde. This is one of many children's stories that he wrote, as he is well known to have ‘used the form of fairy tale to reflect on modern life and to debate ideas'. ‘The Nightingale and the Rose' is a very poignant story following the theme of love.The theme is conveyed in this story through the actions of the Nightingale. It demonstrates how one life would sacrifice itself in order to make another happy. From the Nightingale's point of view, this is a tragically ironic story. For she thinks that the Student must be a ‘true lover' – she thinks that he would give anything for one nigh t with the Professor's daughter. ‘She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses†¦ yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched', the Nightingale hears him cry; and on this evidence alone she bases her opinion: ‘Here at last is a true lover.‘ When in fact the only feelings the Student has for the Professor's daughter are those of material love. He is only interested in her beauty. He says to himself ‘She has form – that cannot be denied to her' but then he says ‘She would not sacrifice herself for others', which is exactly what the Nightingale is about to do for him. She is willing to sacrifice her life for love; for the Student to be able to spend one night with the girl he supposedly admires. An interesting point to note is when the Student mentions that the Professor's daughter ‘has some beautiful notes in her voice.What a pity it is that they do not mean anything, or do any practical good. ‘ Now Night ingales are renowned for having beautiful voices, but the Student does not appreciate the wonderful art of music. A few paragraphs before these lines the Nightingale sings to the Student telling him of how she intends to sacrifice her life for him; ‘be happy; you shall have your red rose. I will build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's-blood. ‘ Although he cannot understand them, these words are, in fact, deeply meaningful to the Student.And as for music doing no ‘practical good', well, what would you call the outcome of the red rose? The Nightingale died and the rose was born. Music made that red rose. The Student does not realise how wrong his judgements are. We find out that the only ‘true lover' was in fact the Nightingale. She was the only one with sincere feelings, and she was prepared to sacrifice her life for those feelings, even though she knew she would not gain anything from it. The fact that she was doing it for love, a nd that she was making someone happy, was enough for her. She was really the only one who deserved love – the only one worthy of it.The Nightingale was love. She went to the greatest extremes to find a red rose for the Student to give to the Professor's daughter. She flew all around the garden trying to find a red rose. She flew to ‘the centre of the grass-plot', and 'round the old sun-dial', and finally ‘beneath the Students window', where she eventually found a red rose tree. But the tree was damaged, and would not bear a red rose. the only way the Nightingale could obtain a red rose from this tree, would be to ‘build it out of music by moonlight', and stain it with her ‘own heart's-blood'; and that is what she did.The story is set in a garden of fantasy – it is full of talking creatures and trees; not unlike the Garden of Eden in the Bible, which had a talking snake. Perhaps the author used a garden because in the Bible it is very symbolic, a nd its story has many lessons and meanings. Maybe that was what Oscar Wilde was trying to convey in his writing. Although this story was meant as a fairy tale for children, it contained a large range of vocabulary and many detailed descriptions; suggesting that perhaps the story was actually aimed at adults, but

Community and Family Studies Essay

P1.1describes the contribution an individual’s experiences, values, attitudes and beliefs make to the development of goals P1.2proposes effective solutions to resource problems P6.1distinguishes those actions that enhance wellbeing P4.2presents information in written, oral and graphic form Rubric| In your answer you will be assessed on how well you:| * Demonstrated knowledge and understanding about values, attitudes, beliefs and resources develop goals| * Be able to propose solutions in order to meet primary and secondary needs in order to achieve wellbeing| * Communicate ideas and information using relevant examples| * Present a logical and cohesive response| Task Description You will be given the article, questions and marking guidelines on Tuesday in Week 8. You will then be able to go home read the article and prepare to answer the questions in class on Friday of Week 8. You will not be permitted to use any notes but need to bring the task to class so that you can answer the questions on the task sheet. It will be test conditions. Good luck for your first task. Answer in the space provided. Students Name _________________________________________ Marking Guidelines Criteria| Marks| Demonstrates extensive knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and attainment of goalsDemonstrates an understanding of the link between primary and secondary needs and wellbeingProposes a range of suitable strategies to enhance wellbeingEffectively communicates ideas, issues and opinions in an organised, logical and coherent manner using appropriate terminology| 13-15|. Demonstrates thorough knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and attainment of goalsOutlines the link between needs and enhanced wellbeingProposes a range of strategies to promote wellbeingCompetently communicates ideas, issues and opinions in an organised, logical and coherent manner using appropriate terminology| 10-12| Demonstrates sound knowledge and understanding of values, attitudes and beliefs to the development and/or attainment of goalsOutlines the link between needs and wellbeing and or proposes some strategiesCommunicates ideas, issues and opinions in a clear and logical way using appropriate terminology| 7-9|. Demonstrates basic knowledge of values and/ or resources and /or goalsOutlines needs or wellbeing or proposes limited strategiesCommunicates ideas and opinions in a basic form using some relevant terminology| 4-6| Demonstrates some knowledge of values or goals or resourcesRelies on personal experienceCommunicates limited ideas and opinions using limited terminology| 1-3|.

The Three Different Types of Manatees